Kidney Stones: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

What Are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form inside your kidneys. These stones can cause pain and other health problems. Often, kidney stones develop when minerals and salts in urine stick together. Anyone can get kidney stones, but some people are at higher risk. Because kidney stones can block the flow of urine, they may lead to serious issues if not treated.

Common Symptoms of Kidney Stones

Many people ask about kidney stone symptoms. While some stones cause no signs, others can be very painful. Usually, symptoms appear when a stone moves in the kidney or passes into the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder.

Severe pain in the back, side, or lower belly

Pain that comes and goes in waves

Pain while urinating

Pink, red, or brown urine

Cloudy or foul-smelling urine

Feeling the need to urinate often

Urinating in small amounts

Nausea or vomiting

Fever and chills (if infection is present)

However, not everyone will have all these signs of kidney stones. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to seek help.

Causes and Risk Factors

Kidney stones form when urine contains more crystal-forming substances than the fluid can dilute. For example, high levels of calcium, oxalate, or uric acid can lead to stones. Several factors can increase your risk:

Not drinking enough water

Eating a diet high in salt, sugar, or protein

Being overweight

Having a family history of kidney stones

Certain medical conditions (like diabetes or urinary tract infections)

Some medications and supplements

Because these risk factors can be managed, making healthy choices may help lower your risk.

How Kidney Stones Are Diagnosed

Doctors use several methods to diagnose kidney stones. First, they may ask about your symptoms and medical history. Then, they may order tests to confirm the diagnosis.

Urine tests to check for crystals or infection

Blood tests to measure minerals and kidney function

Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or CT scan, to see the stones

With these tests, your doctor can find the size, type, and location of the kidney stones. This helps guide the best treatment plan.

Treatment Options for Kidney Stones

There are several kidney stone treatment options. The right choice depends on the size and type of stone, as well as your symptoms. Often, small stones pass on their own with extra fluids and pain relief. However, larger stones may need more help.

Drinking plenty of water to help flush out the stone

Pain relievers to manage discomfort

Medications to relax the urinary tract and help pass the stone

Shock wave therapy to break up larger stones

Ureteroscopy, where a thin tube removes or breaks up the stone

Surgery, in rare cases, for very large or stubborn stones

Because each case is different, your doctor will suggest the best kidney stone treatment options for you.

Prevention Tips and Lifestyle Guidance

Many people want to know how to prevent kidney stones. While not all stones can be avoided, some steps can lower your risk. Simple changes in your daily habits can make a big difference.

Drink at least 8-10 glasses of water each day

Limit salt and animal protein in your diet

Eat more fruits and vegetables

Maintain a healthy weight

Limit foods high in oxalate, like spinach and nuts, if advised

Take medications as prescribed if you have a history of stones

Because prevention is easier than treatment, following these tips can help keep your kidneys healthy.

When to See a Doctor

It is important to know when to seek medical help for kidney stones. While some stones pass on their own, others can cause serious problems. You should see a doctor if you have:

Severe pain that does not go away

Blood in your urine

Fever or chills

Trouble passing urine

Nausea or vomiting that will not stop

Early treatment can prevent complications and help you recover faster.

Consult a healthcare specialist at Bakhetia Hospital for personalised advice on kidney stones and expert treatment options.